Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
An Insight to Diagnosis and Management of Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity: An Overview
Abstract
(ADRs) Adverse Drug Reactions are constitute and mutual chief health problem. Throughout the last period liver toxicity has remained one of the most recurrent reasons for pharmacovigilance protectionintelligences and the withdrawal from the marketplace of an accepted medicinal product. Liver is a mainorganelaborate in the systemic deposition and decontamination of exogenous and endogenous ingredients. Liver disfunction challenges not only health care specialists but also the pharmaceutical manufacturing and drug controlling agencies. (DILI) DrugInduced Liver Injury also mentioned as druginduced hepatotoxicity, formulae a main clinical problematic, which has developed the foremost cause of transplantation and acute liver failure in Western countries. Druginduced hepatotoxicity is one of the chiefreasons of chronic and acute liver disease. The Liver, a supreme organ is the Principal site for metabolism of nutrients and energy manufacture in the human body. It is also essential for elimination and metabolism of exogenous drugs and injuriousmaterials via kidney. Hepatotoxicity produced by a diversity of environmental contaminants, viruses, pathogenic micro-organism chemical and drugs agents may account for Several types of drug induced liver diseases are acute-dose reliant acute fatty infiltration, liver damage, cholestatic jaundice, active chronic hepatitis, liver granulomas, liver tumors, liver cirrhosis, liver tumors etc. Furthermore, there is no precisemanagement for hepatotoxicity, which is grounded on appending the assumed drug and treating symptoms. The most normallyconnected pharmacological groups are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics (NSAIDs), antibiotics, anticonvulsantsand antidepressants. Druginduced liver injury has remained an adverse occasion, tough to recognize, treat and prevent; thus, the pharmacist interference can subsidize to the decrease of the harmfulbelongings in patient health. So, in this review we highlighted the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of drug induced hepatoxicity.
Keywords
References
Su LJ, Ding GW, Yang ZL, Zhang SB, Yang YX, Xu CS. Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with hepatitis virus infection during rat liver regeneration. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2006 Dec 21;12(47):7626.
Lu Y, Hu D, Ma S, Zhao X, Wang S, Wei G, Wang X, Wen A, Wang J. Protective effect of wedelolactone against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice. International immunopharmacology. 2016 May 1;34:44-52.
Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Current pharmacology reports. 2018 Oct;4(5):346-57.
Masuda Y. Learning toxicology from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Yakugakuzasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 2006 Oct 1;126(10):885-99.
Singh D, Cho WC, Upadhyay G. Drug-induced liver toxicity and prevention by herbal antioxidants: an overview. Frontiers in physiology. 2016 Jan 26;6:363.
Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. New England journal of medicine. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):474-85.
Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiødt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, McCashland TM, Shakil AO, Hay JE, Hynan L, Crippin JS. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Annals of internal medicine. 2002 Dec 17;137(12):947-54.
Hernández N, Bessone F, Sánchez A, Di Pace M, Brahm J, Zapata R, Chirino RA, Dávalos M, Méndez-Sánchez N, Arrese M, Schinoni M. Profile of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury in Latin America. An analysis of published reports. Annals of hepatology. 2014 Apr 21;13(2):231-9.
Kleiner DE, Chalasani NP, Lee WM, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Hayashi PH, Davern TJ, Navarro V, Reddy R, Talwalkar JA. Hepatic histological findings in suspected drug‐induced liver injury: systematic evaluation and clinical associations. Hepatology. 2014 Feb;59(2):661-70.
Fung M, Thornton A, Mybeck K, Wu JH, Hornbuckle K, Muniz E. Evaluation of the characteristics of safety withdrawal of prescription drugs from worldwide pharmaceutical markets-1960 to 1999. Drug Information Journal. 2001 Jan;35(1):293-317.
Qureshi ZP, Seoane‐Vazquez E, Rodriguez‐Monguio R, Stevenson KB, Szeinbach SL. Market withdrawal of new molecular entities approved in the United States from 1980 to 2009. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2011 Jul;20(7):772-7.
McNaughton R, Huet G, Shakir S. An investigation into drug products withdrawn from the EU market between 2002 and 2011 for safety reasons and the evidence used to support the decision-making. BMJ open. 2014 Jan 1;4(1).
Guengerich FP, MacDonald JS. Applying mechanisms of chemical toxicity to predict drug safety. Chemical research in toxicology. 2007 Mar 19;20(3):344-69.
Kenna JG, Stahl SH, Eakins JA, Foster AJ, Andersson LC, Bergare J, Billger M, Elebring M, Elmore CS, Thompson RA. Multiple compound-related adverse properties contribute to liver injury caused by endothelin receptor antagonists. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2015 Feb 1;352(2):281-90.
Adams DH, Ju C, Ramaiah SK, Uetrecht J, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury. Toxicological Sciences. 2010 Jun 1;115(2):307-21.
Andrade RJ, López-Ortega S. Hepatitis tóxicas. Revista Espanola De EnfermedadesDigestivas. 2006 Sep;98(9):701-.
Björnsson E. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiepileptic drugs. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2008 Nov;118(5):281-90.
Weinshilboum R. Inheritance and drug response. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):529-37.
Huang YS, Chern HD, Su WJ, Wu JC, Lai SL, Yang SY, Chang FY, Lee SD. Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene as a susceptibility risk factor for antituberculosis drug–induced hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002 Apr 1;35(4):883-9.
Jaeschke H, Gores GJ, Cederbaum AI, Hinson JA, Pessayre D, Lemasters JJ. Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Toxicological sciences. 2002 Feb 1;65(2):166-76.
Watkins PB. Drug metabolism by cytochromes P450 in the liver and small bowel. Gastroenterology clinics of North America. 1992 Sep 1;21(3):511-26.
Robin MA, Le Roy M, Descatoire V, Pessayre D. Plasma membrane cytochromes P450 as neoantigens and autoimmune targets in drug-induced hepatitis. Journal of hepatology. 1997 Jan 1;26:23-30.
Hautekeete ML, Horsmans Y, van Waeyenberge C, Demanet C, Henrion J, Verbist L, Brenard R, Sempoux C, Michielsen PP, Yap PS, Rahier J. HLA association of amoxicillin-clavulanate–induced hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1999 Nov 1;117(5):1181-6.
Cai H, Guengerich FP. Reaction of trichloroethylene oxide with proteins and DNA: instability of adducts and modulation of functions. Chemical research in toxicology. 2001 Jan 15;14(1):54-61.
Aithal GP, Daly AK, Leathart J, Yuanneng CP, Day CP. Promoter polymorphisms of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) predict the risk of diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology. 2000 Apr 1;118(4):A977.
Bernal W, Donaldson P, Underhill J, Wendon J, Williams R. Tumor necrosis factor genomic polymorphism and outcome of acetaminophen (paracetamol)-induced acute liver failure. Journal of hepatology. 1998 Jul 1;29(1):53-9.
Zhang J, Huang W, Chua SS, Wei P, Moore DD. Modulation of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by the xenobiotic receptor CAR. Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):422-4.
Phillips KA, Veenstra DL, Oren E, Lee JK, Sadee W. Potential role of pharmacogenomics in reducing adverse drug reactions: a systematic review. Jama. 2001 Nov 14;286(18):2270-9.
Bessone F. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: What is the actual risk of liver damage?. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2010 Dec 7;16(45):5651.
Zimmerman HJ. Drug-induced liver disease: an overview. InSeminars in liver disease 1981 May (Vol. 1, No. 02, pp. 93-103). © 1981 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc..
http://www.ema.europa.eu. Non-Clinical Guideline OnDrugInduced Hepatotoxicity, European Medicines Agency, London, 24 January 2008. Assessed online on 17-01- 2017. Page 1-16.
Chitturi S, George J. Hepatotoxicity of commonly used drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic agents, anticonvulsants, lipid-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs. InSeminars in liver disease 2002 (Vol. 22, No. 02, pp. 169-184). Copyright© 2002 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.:+ 1 (212) 584-4662.
Aithal GP, Day CP. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug–induced hepatotoxicity. Clinics in liver disease. 2007 Aug 1;11(3):563-75.
Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. New England journal of medicine. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):474-85.
Routledge PA, O'mahony MS, Woodhouse KW. Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2004 Feb;57(2):121-6.
Devarbhavi H. An update on drug-induced liver injury. Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology. 2012 Sep 1;2(3):247-59.
Singh A, Bhat TK, Sharma OP. Clinical biochemistry of hepatotoxicity. J Clin Toxicol. 2011;4(0001):1-9.
Dass E, Patel M, Patel S, Patel D, Patel G, Pobaru U. A prospective study of liver cirrhosis: An overview, prevalence, clinical manifestation & investigations in patients admitted to the medicine ward in a rural teaching hospital.
www.fda.gov. Food & Drug Administration. CDER-PhRMAAASLD Conference 200: clinical white paper on drug-induced hepatotoxicity, November 2000: FDA Working Group. Assessed online on 17-01-2017.
Dass E. A brief review on Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Use of hepatoprotective agents. IP Int J Comprehensive Adv Pharmacol. 2020 Mar 15;5(1):14-8.
Ramachandran R, Kakar S. Histological patterns in drug-induced liver disease. Journal of clinical pathology. 2009 Jun 1;62(6):481-92.
HaiZhen W, XiuHui L. Research advances in the pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury.Journal of Clinical Hepatology. 2018 Apr 20;34(4):883-7.
Zhang X, Ouyang J, Thung SN. Histopathologic manifestations of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Clinics in liver disease. 2013 Nov 1;17(4):547-64.
Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. New England journal of medicine. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):474-85.
Castell J, Miñana M. Hepatitis inducida por tóxicos. Mecanismos de toxicidad y patrones de lesión. GH Contin. 2003;2(5):190-6.
Adams DH, Ju C, Ramaiah SK, Uetrecht J, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury. Toxicological Sciences. 2010 Jun 1;115(2):307-21.
Grattagliano I, Bonfrate L, Diogo CV, Wang HH, Wang DQ, Portincasa P. Biochemical mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: certainties and doubts. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG. 2009 Oct 21;15(39):4865.
Abboud G, Kaplowitz N. Drug-induced liver injury. Drug safety. 2007 Apr;30(4):277-94.
Cullen JM. Mechanistic classification of liver injury. Toxicologic pathology. 2005 Jan;33(1):6-8.
Gu X, Manautou JE. Molecular mechanisms underlying chemical liver injury. Expert reviews in molecular medicine. 2012 Feb 3;14:e4.
Pessayre D, Mansouri A, Berson A, Fromenty B. Mitochondrial involvement in drug-induced liver injury. Adverse Drug Reactions. 2010:311-65.
Giordano CM, Zervos XB. Clinical manifestations and treatment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Clinics in liver disease. 2013 Jul 30;17(4):565-73.
Ibáñez L, Pérez E, Vidal X, Laporte JR. Prospective surveillance of acute serious liver disease unrelated to infectious, obstructive, or metabolic diseases: epidemiological and clinical features, and exposure to drugs. Journal of hepatology. 2002 Nov 1;37(5):592-600.
Fernández-Castañer A, García-Cortés M, Lucena MI, Borraz Y, Peláez G, Costa J, Anzola S, Salmerón J, Avila S, Durán JA, de Dios AM. An analysis of the causes, characteristics, and consequences of reexposure to a drug or compound responsible for a hepatotoxicity event. Revista Española de EnfermedadesDigestivas. 2008 May 1;100(5):278.
Lee WM. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. New England journal of medicine. 2003 Jul 31;349(5):474-85.
Hayashi PH, Fontana RJ. Clinical features, diagnosis, and natural history of drug-induced liver injury. InSeminars in liver disease 2014 May (Vol. 34, No. 02, pp. 134-144). Thieme Medical Publishers.
Verma S, Kaplowitz N. Diagnosis, management and prevention of drug-induced liver injury. Gut. 2009 Nov 1;58(11):1555-64.
Chang CY, Schiano TD. Drug hepatotoxicity. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2007 May;25(10):1135-51.
Abboud G, Kaplowitz N. Drug-induced liver injury. Drug safety. 2007 Apr;30(4):277-94.
Dalton HR, Fellows HJ, Stableforth W, Joseph M, Thurairajah PH, Warshow U, Hazeldine S, Remnarace R, Ijaz S, Hussaini SH, Bendall RP. The role of hepatitis E virus testing in drug‐induced liver injury. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2007 Nov;26(10):1429-35.
Björnsson E, Davidsdottir L. The long-term follow-up after idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury with jaundice. Journal of hepatology. 2009 Mar 1;50(3):511-7.
Maria VA, Victorino RM. Diagnostic value of specific T cell reactivity to drugs in 95 cases of drug induced liver injury. Gut. 1997 Oct 1;41(4):534-40.
Maria VA, Victorino RM. Immunological investigation in hepatic drug reactions. Clinical and experimental allergy: journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 Sep 1;28:71-7.
Beaune PH, Lecoeur S. Immunotoxicology of the liver: adverse reactions to drugs. Journal of hepatology. 1997 Jan 1;26:37-42.
Neuberger J. Immune mechanisms in drug hepatotoxicity. Clinics in Liver Disease. 1998 Aug 1;2(3):471-82.
Davern II TJ, James LP, Hinson JA, Polson J, Larson AM, Fontana RJ, Lalani E, Munoz S, Shakil AO, Lee WM, Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Measurement of serum acetaminophen–protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar 1;130(3):687-94.
Kaplowitz N. Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2005 Jun;4(6):489-99.
Danan G, Benichou C. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs—I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 1993 Nov 1;46(11):1323-30.
Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, editors. Drug-induced liver disease. Academic Press; 2013 Apr 18.
Rochon J, Protiva P, Seeff LB, Fontana RJ, Liangpunsakul S, Watkins PB, Davern T, McHutchison JG, Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Reliability of the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method for assessing causality in drug‐induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2008 Oct;48(4):1175-83.
Es B. BErGMannoM, Björnsson hk, kva-ran rB, olaFsson s. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1419-25.
Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang H, Rochon J, Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN. Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2008 Dec 1;135(6):1924-34.
Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, García-Muñoz B, González-Grande R, Pizarro A, Durán JA, Jiménez M. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005 Aug 1;129(2):512-21.
Selden C, Spearman CW, Kahn D, Miller M, Figaji A, Erro E, Bundy J, Massie I, Chalmers SA, Arendse H, Gautier A. Evaluation of encapsulated liver cell spheroids in a fluidised-bed bioartificial liver for treatment of ischaemic acute liver failure in pigs in a translational setting. PloS one. 2013 Dec 18;8(12):e82312.
van de Kerkhove MP, Hoekstra R, Chamuleau RA, van Gulik TM. Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems. Annals of surgery. 2004 Aug;240(2):216.
Allen JW, Hassanein T, Bhatia SN. Advances in bioartificial liver devices. Hepatology. 2001 Sep;34(3):447-55.
Yu Y, Fisher JE, Lillegard JB, Rodysill B, Amiot B, Nyberg SL. Cell therapies for liver diseases. Liver transplantation. 2012 Jan;18(1):9-21.
Fox IJ, Chowdhury JR, Kaufman SS, Goertzen TC, Chowdhury NR, Warkentin PI, Dorko K, Sauter BV, Strom SC. Treatment of the Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I with hepatocyte transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 May 14;338(20):1422-7.
Sokal EM, Smets F, Bourgois A, Van Maldergem L, Buts JP, Reding R, Otte JB, Evrard V, Latinne D, Vincent MF, Moser A. Hepatocyte transplantation in a 4-year-old girl with peroxisomal biogenesis disease: Technique, safety, and metabolic follow-up1. Transplantation. 2003 Aug 27;76(4):735-8.
Naruse K, Tang W, Makuuchi M. Artificial and bioartificial liver support: a review of perfusion treatment for hepatic failure patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2007 Mar 14;13(10):1516.
Ho MJ. Perspectives On Tuberculosis Among Traditional Chinese Medical Practitioners In New York City’s Chinatown. Culture, medicine and psychiatry. 2006 Mar;30(1):105-22.
Stickel F. Agents and drugs: precautions in patients with cirrhosis. Cirrhosis: A practical guide to management. 2015 Jan 22:261.
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic.
Del Prete A, Scalera A, Iadevaia MD, Miranda A, Zulli C, Gaeta L, Tuccillo C, Federico A, Loguercio C. Herbal products: benefits, limits, and applications in chronic liver disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012 Jan 1;2012.
Biernat L, Hartleb M, Kochel A. Drug-induced liver damage-a three-year study of patients from one gastroenterological department. Medical Science Monitor. 2002;8(4):CR292-6.
Pandit A, Sachdeva T, Bafna P. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity: a review. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2012 May 28;2(5):233-43.
Dass E, Patel M, Patel S, Patel D, Patel G, Pobaru U. A prospective study of liver cirrhosis: An overview, prevalence, clinical manifestation & investigations in patients admitted to the medicine ward in a rural teaching hospital.
Chughlay MF, Kramer N, Werfalli M, Spearman W, Engel ME, Cohen K. N-acetylcysteine for non-paracetamol drug-induced liver injury: a systematic review protocol. Systematic reviews. 2015 Dec;4(1):1-6.
Dass E, Sattigeri BM. Hepatoprotective Effect of Dl-Methionine on Diclofenac Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats: An Experimental Study.
Dass E. Diclofenac-Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats: Dose-Dependent Study. Indian Journal of Research. 2018;7.
Singh D, Cho WC, Upadhyay G. Drug-induced liver toxicity and prevention by herbal antioxidants: an overview, Front. Physiol. 6 (2016).
Schapira D, Bassan L, Nahir AM, Scharf Y. Diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Postgraduate medical journal. 1986 Jan 1;62(723):63-5.
Terrault N, Roche B, Samuel D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective. Liver Transplantation. 2005 Jul;11(7):716-32.
Flatland B. Botanicals, vitamins, and minerals and the liver: therapeutic applications and potential toxicities. COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTISING VETERINARIAN-NORTH AMERICAN EDITION-. 2003 Jul 1;25(7):514-27.
Sartor LL, Trepanier LA. Rational pharmacologic therapy of hepatobiliary disease in dogs and cats. COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTISING VETERINARIAN-NORTH AMERICAN EDITION-. 2003 Jun 1;25(6):432-47.
Center SA. Metabolic, antioxidant, nutraceutical, probiotic, and herbal therapies relating to the management of hepatobiliary disorders. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. 2004 Jan 1;34(1):67-172.
Webb C, Twedt D. Oxidative stress and liver disease. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2008 Jan 1;38(1):125-35.
Boothe DM. Nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine. I. Definitions and regulations. The Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian (USA). 1997.
Yapar K, Kart A, Karapehlivan M, Atakisi O, Tunca R, Erginsoy S, Citil M. Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2007 Oct 17;59(2):121-8.
Adikwu E, Deo O. Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Maheswari E, Saraswathy GR, Santhranii T. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of N-acetyl cysteine in carbamazepine-administered rats. Indian journal of pharmacology. 2014 Mar;46(2):211.
Vargas-Mendoza N, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González Á, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, y González-Rubio MG, Gayosso-de-Lucio JA, Morales-González JA. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. World journal of hepatology. 2014 Mar 27;6(3):144.
Johnson ES, Humphrey M, Mellard DF, Woods K, Swanson HL. Cognitive processing deficits and students with specific learning disabilities: A selective meta-analysis of the literature. Learning Disability Quarterly. 2010 Feb;33(1):3-18.
Hassanin KM, Hashem KS, Abdel-Kawi SH. Hepatoprotective Effects of vitamin C and micronized vitamin C against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats: a comparative study. Int BiochemBiotechnol. 2013;2:474-83.
Twedt DC, Webb CB, Tetrick MA. The effect of dietary vitamin E on the clinical laboratory and oxidant status of dogs with chronic hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:418A.
Brewer GJ, Dick RD, Schall W, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Mullaney TP, Pace C, Lindgren J, Thomas M, Padgett G. Use of zinc acetate to treat copper toxicosis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1992 Aug 1;201(4):564-8.
Center SA, Warner KL, Erb HN. Liver glutathione concentrations in dogs and cats with naturally occurring liver disease. American journal of veterinary research. 2002 Aug 1;63(8):1187-97.
Adikwu E, Deo O. Hepatoprotective effect of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Hassanin KM, Hashem KS, Abdel-Kawi SH. Hepatoprotective Effects of vitamin C and micronized vitamin C against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats: a comparative study. Int BiochemBiotechnol. 2013;2:474-83.
Twedt DC, Webb CB, Tetrick MA. The effect of dietary vitamin E on the clinical laboratory and oxidant status of dogs with chronic hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:418A.
Comcowich SA, Spitzer TR, Tsunoda SM. Ursodiol to prevent hepatic venoocclusive disease. The Annals of pharmacotherapy. 1997 Oct 1;31(10):1249-52.
Center SA, Harte J, Watrous D, Reynolds A, Watson TD, Markwell PJ, Millington DS, Wood PA, Yeager AE, Erb HN. The clinical and metabolic effects of rapid weight loss in obese pet cats and the influence of supplemental oral L‐carnitine. Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 2000 Nov;14(6):598-608.
Todd-Jenkins K, Minton J. Pharm Profile: Milk Thistle Notice: Undefined index: msg in D:wwwrootmobile. vetlearn. comview. php on line 38. Compendium. 2004 Aug;26(8).
Webb CB, Twedt DC, Fettman MJ, Mason G. S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in a feline acetaminophen model of oxidative injury. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2003 Apr;5(2):69-75.
Brewer GJ, Dick RD, Schall W, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Mullaney TP, Pace C, Lindgren J, Thomas M, Padgett G. Use of zinc acetate to treat copper toxicosis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1992 Aug 1;201(4):564-8.
Demetriou AA, Brown Jr RS, Busuttil RW, Fair J, McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, Am Esch JS. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Annals of surgery. 2004 May;239(5):660.
Worman HJ. The liver disorders sourcebook. McGraw Hill Professional; 1999.
Shukla SK, Kumar V. Bioactive Foods and Supplements for Protection against Liver Diseases. InBioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease 2013 Jan 1 (pp. 557-567). Academic Press.
Pitman JA, McGinty GB, Soman RR, Drotman MB, Reichman MB, Arleo EK. Screening mammography for women in their 40s: the potential impact of the American Cancer Society and US Preventive Services Task Force breast cancer screening recommendations. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2017 Sep;209(3):697-702.
Chavan T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, Ranjekar P, Kulkarni O, Kuvalekar A. Satwa from three Tinospora species exhibits differential hepatoprotective activity against repeated acetaminophen dosing in rats. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2013 Jan 1;6(1):123-8.
Shakir KF, Madhusudhan B. Hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects of flaxseed chutney: evidence from animal studies. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 1;22(1):117.
Meganathan M, Gopal KM, Sasikala P, Mohan J, Gowdhaman N, Balamurugan K, Nirmala P, Santhakumari S, Samuel V. Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of omega 3-fatty acid against paracetamol induced liver injury in albino rats. Global J Pharmacol. 2011;5(1):50-3.
Galal RM, Zaki HF, SEIF EN, Agha AM. Potential protective effect of honey against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity.
Gogus U, Smith C. n‐3 Omega fatty acids: a review of current knowledge. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2010 Mar;45(3):417-36.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/tdd.v8i2.1103
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Trends in Drug Delivery