Candida auris—Behaviour and Prognosis
Keywords:
Candida auris, virulence, pathogenesis, epidemiology, candidaemia, antifungal drugs, outbreakAbstract
The genus Candida contains around two hundred different species. For over a decade, health authorities and institutions around the world have been on edge due to the unprecedented rise of Candida auris as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, which poses a serious global threat due to its potential to cause nosocomial outbreaks and deep-seated infections with staggering transmissibility and mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other international organisations have classed it as an urgent concern due to its unique traits not discovered in other yeasts. Epidemiological warnings have also been issued because of the C. healthcare-associated A. auris epidemics in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. In this overview of the relevant literature, we compile the most recent findings about C. auris, from virulence to treatment and outbreak control, with a focus on identifying knowledge gaps and potential research areas since its initial description. Candida auris, virulence, pathogenesis, epidemiology, candidaemia, antifungal drugs, outbreak, and diagnosis are the focus of the present study.References
Corsi-Vasquez G, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Candida auris: What have we learned so far? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019; 32: 559–564p.
Pfaller MA, Diekema D. Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: A Persistent Public Health Problem. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007; 20: 133–163p.
Lamoth F, Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, Calandra T. Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73: i4–i13.
Mathur P, Hasan F, Singh PK, Malhotra R, Walia K, Chowdhary A. Five-year profile of candidaemia at an Indian trauma centre: High rates of Candida auris blood stream infections. Mycoses. 2018; 61: 674–680p.
Adam RD Revathi G, Okinda N, Fontaine M, Shah J, Kagotho E, Castanheira M, Pfaller M, Maina D. Analysis of Candida auris fungemia at a single facility in Kenya. Int J Infect Dis. 2019; 85: 182–187p.
Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, Nishiyama Y, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiol Immunol. 2009; 53: 41–44p; Erratum in Microbiol Immunol. 2018; 62: 205p.
Rudramurthy S, Chakrabarti A, Paul RA, Sood P, Kaur H, Capoor MR, Kindo AJ, Marak RSK, Arora A, Sardana R, Das S, Chinna D, Patel A, Xess I, Tarai B, Singh P. Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: Analysis of risk factors. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017; 72: 1794–1801p.
Magobo R, Corcoran C, Seetharam S, Govender N, Naicker S. Candida auris: An emerging, azole-resistant pathogen causing candidemia in South Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2014; 21: 215p.
Calvo B, Melo AS, Perozo-Mena A, Hernandez M, Francisco EC, Hagen F, Meis JF, Colombo AL. First report of Candida auris in America: Clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia. J Infect. 2016; 73: 369–374p.
Du H, Bing J, Hu T, Ennis CL, Nobile CJ, Huang G. Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathog. 2020; 16: e1008921.
Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Meis JF. Candida auris: A rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally. PLoS Pathog. 2017; 13: e1006290.
Ku TSN, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candida auris: Disinfectants and Implications for Infection Control. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9: 726p.
Chakrabarti A, Sood P. On the emergence, spread and resistance of Candida auris: Host, pathogen and environmental tipping points. J Med Microbiol. 2021; 70: 1318p.
Iguchi S, Itakura Y, Yoshida A, Kamada K, Mizushima R, Arai Y, Uzawa Y, Kikuchi K. Candida auris: A pathogen difficult to identify, treat, and eradicate and its characteristics in Japanese strains. J Infect Chemother. 2019; 25: 743–749p.
Welsh RM, Bentz ML, Shams A, Houston H, Lyons A, Rose LJ, Litvintseva AP. Survival, Persistence, and Isolation of the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Yeast Candida auris on a Plastic Health Care Surface. J Clin Microbiol. 2017; 55: 2996–3005p.
Eyre DW, Sheppard A, Madder H, Moir I, Moroney R, Quan TP, Griffiths D, George S, Butcher L, Morgan M, Newham R, Sunderland M, Clarke T, Foster D, Hoffman P, Borman AM. A Candida auris Outbreak and Its Control in an Intensive Care Setting. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 1322–1331p.
Ruiz-Gaitán A, Moret AM, Tasias-Pitarch M, Aleixandre-López AI, Morel HM, Calabuig E, Salavert-Lletí M, Ramírez P, López-Hontangas JL, Hagen F, Meis JF, Mollar-Maseres J. An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital. Mycoses. 2018; 61: 498–505p.
Ruiz-Gaitán A, Martínez H, Moret AM, Calabuig E, Tasias M, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Zaragoza O, Mollar J, Frasquet J, Salavert-Lletí M, Ramirez P, Peman J. Detection and treatment of Candida auris in an outbreak situation: Risk factors for developing colonization and candidemia by this new species in critically ill patients. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2019; 17: 295–305p.
Lockhart SR, Berkow EL, Chow N, Welsh RM. Candida auris for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Not Your Grandfather’s Candida Species. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2017; 39: 99–103p.
Schelenz S, Hagen F, Rhodes JL, Abdolrasouli A, Chowdhary A, Hall A, Ryan L, Shackleton J, Trimlett R, Meis JF, Armstrong-James D, Fischer MC. First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016; 5: 1–7p.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. USA: CDC; 2019 Dec. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf (accessed on 11 December 2021).
Kadri SS. Key Takeaways From the U.S. CDC’s 2019 Antibiotic Resistance Threats Report for Frontline Providers. Crit Care Med. 2020; 48: 934–945p.
Prestel C, Anderson E, Forsberg K, Lyman M, De Perio MA, Kuhar D, Edwards K, Rivera M, Shugart A, Walters M, Dotson NQ. Candida auris Outbreak in a COVID-19 Specialty Care Unit—Florida, July–August 2020. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2021; 70: 56–57p.
Hanson BM, Dinh AQ, Tran TT, Arenas S, Pronty D, Gershengorn HB, Ferreira T, Arias CA, Shukla BS. Candida auris Invasive Infections during a COVID-19 Case Surge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021; 65: AAC0114621.
Magnasco L, Mikulska M, Giacobbe D, Taramasso L, Vena A, Dentone C, Dettori S, Tutino S, Labate L, Di Pilato V, et al. Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negatives and Candida auris During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Critically Ill Patients: One Step Back in Antimicrobial Stewardship? Microorganisms. 2021; 9: 95p.
Rodriguez JY, Le Pape P, Lopez O, Esquea K, Labiosa AL, Alvarez-Moreno C. Candida auris: A latent threat to critically ill patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(9): e2836–e2837.
Chowdhary A, Tarai B, Singh A, Sharma A. Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Infections in Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease Patients, India, April–July 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26: 2694–2696p.
Villanueva-Lozano H, Treviño-Rangel RDJ, González GM, Ramírez-Elizondo MT, Lara-Medrano R, Aleman-Bocanegra MC, Guajardo-Lara CE, Gaona-Chávez N, Castilleja-Leal F, Torre-Amione G, Martinez-Resendez MF. Outbreak of Candida auris infection in a COVID-19 hospital in Mexico. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021; 27: 813–816p.
Allaw F, Zahreddine NK, Ibrahim A, Tannous J, Taleb H, Bizri A, Dbaibo G, Kanj S. First Candida auris Outbreak during a COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary-Care Center in Lebanon. Pathogens. 2021; 10: 157p.
de Almeida J, Francisco E, Hagen F, Brandão I, Pereira F, Dias PP, Costa MDM, Jordão RDS, de Groot T, Colombo A. Emergence of Candida auris in Brazil in a COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit. J Fungi. 2021; 7: 220p.
Pemán J, Ruiz-Gaitán A, García-Vidal C, Salavert M, Ramírez P, Puchades F, García-Hita M, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Quindós G. Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned? Rev Iberoam Micol. 2020; 37: 41–46p.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Declaration and Copyright Transfer Form
(to be completed by authors)
I/ We, the undersigned author(s) of the submitted manuscript, hereby declare, that the above manuscript which is submitted for publication in the STM Journals(s), is not published already in part or whole (except in the form of abstract) in any journal or magazine for private or public circulation, and, is not under consideration of publication elsewhere.
- I/We will not withdraw the manuscript after 1 week of submission as I have read the Author Guidelines and will adhere to the guidelines.
- I/We Author(s ) have niether given nor will give this manuscript elsewhere for publishing after submitting in STM Journal(s).
- I/ We have read the original version of the manuscript and am/ are responsible for the thought contents embodied in it. The work dealt in the manuscript is my/ our own, and my/ our individual contribution to this work is significant enough to qualify for authorship.
- I/We also agree to the authorship of the article in the following order:
Author’s name
1. ________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
| We Author(s) tick this box and would request you to consider it as our signature as we agree to the terms of this Copyright Notice, which will apply to this submission if and when it is published by this journal. |